Coverage
46official and practice records from 2020 onward
State practice
China's state practice since 2020.
A topic-by-topic view of recent Chinese state practice in international law, including official documents, institutional participation, treaty and mediation initiatives, countermeasure practice, WTO activity, advisory proceedings, and Hong Kong- or Taiwan-related legal measures.
Topic reach
8topic areas with post-2020 practice
Latest year
2025latest record currently in the corpus
Theory and International Order 19 records Sovereignty and Non-interference 23 records One Country, Two Systems: Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan 10 records Use of Force 14 records Global Economic System 25 records Sanctions and Anti-sanctions 14 records Belt and Road Initiative 5 records Dispute Settlement 14 records
Recent practice
Newest additions across the corpus
16 institutions and forums are represented, including Chinese ministries, courts, United Nations bodies, the WTO, and the ICJ.
Hong Kong gazettes privileges and immunities order for the International Organization for Mediation
Links one country two systems with China's mediation platform
Hong Kong Department of Justice - International Organization for Mediation privileges and immunities order gazetted - 28 November 2025
China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era
新时代的中国军控裁军与防扩散
Important for security governance and emerging domains
State Council Information Office - China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era - 27 November 2025
Signing ceremony for the International Organization for Mediation convention
Directly relevant to China-centered transnational dispute settlement
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - IOMed convention signing ceremony in Hong Kong - 30 May 2025
China's National Security in the New Era
新时代的中国国家安全
Shows links among security opening up and sanctions risk
State Council Information Office - China's National Security in the New Era - 12 May 2025
MOFCOM remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List
Adds later practice to China's countermeasure machinery
MOFCOM - Spokesperson remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List - 2025
Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items
两用物项出口管制条例
Adds implementation detail to China's economic security law
State Council - Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items - 19 October 2024
Topic area
Theory and International Order
China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era
新时代的中国军控裁军与防扩散
Important for security governance and emerging domains
State Council Information Office - China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era - 27 November 2025
Signing ceremony for the International Organization for Mediation convention
Directly relevant to China-centered transnational dispute settlement
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - IOMed convention signing ceremony in Hong Kong - 30 May 2025
China's National Security in the New Era
新时代的中国国家安全
Shows links among security opening up and sanctions risk
State Council Information Office - China's National Security in the New Era - 12 May 2025
China's Energy Transition
中国的能源转型
Connects climate governance with China's economic-order narrative
State Council Information Office - China's Energy Transition - 29 August 2024
China introduces UN General Assembly draft resolution on AI capacity building
Shows China's Global South and development framing for AI governance
PRC Permanent Mission to the UN - Fu Cong remarks on AI capacity building - 1 July 2024
China participates in ICJ climate advisory proceedings
Contemporary legal practice on climate obligations and development equity.
International Court of Justice, 'China participates in ICJ climate advisory proceedings' (2024-03-22).
Written statement of China in the ICJ climate advisory proceedings
Primary source for China's legal position on climate obligations
ICJ - Written Statement of the People's Republic of China in climate proceedings - 22 March 2024
Global AI Governance Initiative
全球人工智能治理倡议
Shows China's attempt to shape rules for emerging technology
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Global AI Governance Initiative - 20 October 2023
The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future
共建“一带一路”：构建人类命运共同体的重大实践
Central source for evaluating whether BRI is presented as a parallel or complementary order.
State Council Information Office, 'The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future' (10 October 2023).
A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions
携手构建人类命运共同体：中国的倡议与行动
A key official statement of China's normative vocabulary for global governance.
State Council Information Office, 'A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions' (26 September 2023).
Ma Zhaoxu attends UN Security Council debate on Ukraine
Adds a concrete UN forum example to use-of-force materials
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Ma Zhaoxu attends Security Council debate on Ukraine - 20 September 2023
Proposal of the People's Republic of China on the Reform and Development of Global Governance
关于全球治理改革和建设的中国方案
Useful as a compact statement of China's reformist rather than withdrawalist posture.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Proposal of the People's Republic of China on the Reform and Development of Global Governance' (13 September 2023).
China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era
新时代的中国网络法治建设
Foregrounds rule-of-law language in China's cyber governance
State Council Information Office - China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era - 16 March 2023
Global Civilization Initiative
全球文明倡议
Relevant to China's defense of plural paths to modernization
Xinhua - Xi proposes Global Civilization Initiative - 15 March 2023
China facilitates Saudi-Iran rapprochement
Example of China presenting itself as a mediator in regional dispute settlement.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'China facilitates Saudi-Iran rapprochement' (2023-03-10).
China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis
关于政治解决乌克兰危机的中国立场
Key source for China's application of Charter principles to war
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis - 24 February 2023
The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper
全球安全倡议概念文件
Frames security governance through indivisible security, sovereignty, and opposition to bloc confrontation.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper' (21 February 2023).
Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace
携手构建网络空间命运共同体
Useful for cyber sovereignty and digital development claims
State Council Information Office - Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace - 7 November 2022
China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations
中国军队参加联合国维和行动30年
Shows the move from non-intervention caution to active UN-centered peacekeeping
State Council Information Office - China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations - 18 September 2020
Topic area
Sovereignty and Non-interference
China's National Security in the New Era
新时代的中国国家安全
Shows links among security opening up and sanctions risk
State Council Information Office - China's National Security in the New Era - 12 May 2025
MOFCOM remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List
Adds later practice to China's countermeasure machinery
MOFCOM - Spokesperson remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List - 2025
Guidelines on Punishing Taiwan Independence Diehards for Splitting the Country and Inciting Secession
关于依法惩治“台独”顽固分子分裂国家、煽动分裂国家犯罪的意见
Illustrates the domestic legal extension of sovereignty claims.
SPC, SPP, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of State Security and Ministry of Justice, 'Guidelines on Punishing Taiwan Independence Diehards...' (21 June 2024).
Ma Zhaoxu attends UN Security Council debate on Ukraine
Adds a concrete UN forum example to use-of-force materials
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Ma Zhaoxu attends Security Council debate on Ukraine - 20 September 2023
Written statement of China in the ICJ Palestine advisory proceedings
Important example of direct legal argument before the ICJ
ICJ - Written statement of China in the occupied Palestinian territory advisory proceedings - 25 July 2023
China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era
新时代的中国网络法治建设
Foregrounds rule-of-law language in China's cyber governance
State Council Information Office - China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era - 16 March 2023
Global Civilization Initiative
全球文明倡议
Relevant to China's defense of plural paths to modernization
Xinhua - Xi proposes Global Civilization Initiative - 15 March 2023
China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis
关于政治解决乌克兰危机的中国立场
Key source for China's application of Charter principles to war
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis - 24 February 2023
The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper
全球安全倡议概念文件
Frames security governance through indivisible security, sovereignty, and opposition to bloc confrontation.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper' (21 February 2023).
Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace
携手构建网络空间命运共同体
Useful for cyber sovereignty and digital development claims
State Council Information Office - Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace - 7 November 2022
The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era
台湾问题与新时代中国统一事业
Shows updated official framing of sovereignty, national rejuvenation, and peaceful reunification.
State Council Information Office, 'The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era' (10 August 2022).
China's votes and explanations on Ukraine-related UN resolutions
Important practice for assessing sovereignty language, use of force, and non-alignment.
United Nations Digital Library, 'China's votes and explanations on Ukraine-related UN resolutions' (2022-03-02).
Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国个人信息保护法
Helps map China's model for digital governance and data flows
Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China - adopted 20 August 2021
Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国反外国制裁法
Essential for studying how China domesticates responses to unilateral sanctions.
Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted 10 June 2021).
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国数据安全法
Important for data sovereignty and cross-border legal exposure
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China - adopted 10 June 2021
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex I as amended in 2021
香港基本法附件一2021年修订
Shows central legal authority reshaping Hong Kong governance
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex I as amended on 30 March 2021
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex II as amended in 2021
香港基本法附件二2021年修订
Important for the legal transformation of representation
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex II as amended on 30 March 2021
China announces countermeasures against foreign sanctions
Shows operational use of sanctions countermeasures alongside new domestic legislation.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'China announces countermeasures against foreign sanctions' (2021-03-22).
Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
全国人民代表大会关于完善香港特别行政区选举制度的决定
Central to debates over autonomy and constitutional authority
National People's Congress - Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong SAR - 11 March 2021
Macao national security legal framework materials
Useful comparator for Hong Kong national security debates under one country, two systems.
Government of the Macao SAR, 'Macao national security legal framework materials' (official portal).
NPCSC decision on qualification of Hong Kong Legislative Council members
Useful for tracing central interventions in Hong Kong's constitutional order
NPCSC - Decision on Hong Kong Legislative Council member qualification - 11 November 2020
Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List
不可靠实体清单规定
Core source for China's economic countermeasure architecture
MOFCOM Order No 4 of 2020 - Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List
Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong SAR
Legal practice central to sovereignty, autonomy, sanctions, and non-interference debates.
National People's Congress, 'Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong SAR' (2020-06-30).
Topic area
One Country, Two Systems: Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
Hong Kong gazettes privileges and immunities order for the International Organization for Mediation
Links one country two systems with China's mediation platform
Hong Kong Department of Justice - International Organization for Mediation privileges and immunities order gazetted - 28 November 2025
Signing ceremony for the International Organization for Mediation convention
Directly relevant to China-centered transnational dispute settlement
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - IOMed convention signing ceremony in Hong Kong - 30 May 2025
Guidelines on Punishing Taiwan Independence Diehards for Splitting the Country and Inciting Secession
关于依法惩治“台独”顽固分子分裂国家、煽动分裂国家犯罪的意见
Illustrates the domestic legal extension of sovereignty claims.
SPC, SPP, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of State Security and Ministry of Justice, 'Guidelines on Punishing Taiwan Independence Diehards...' (21 June 2024).
The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era
台湾问题与新时代中国统一事业
Shows updated official framing of sovereignty, national rejuvenation, and peaceful reunification.
State Council Information Office, 'The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era' (10 August 2022).
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex I as amended in 2021
香港基本法附件一2021年修订
Shows central legal authority reshaping Hong Kong governance
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex I as amended on 30 March 2021
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex II as amended in 2021
香港基本法附件二2021年修订
Important for the legal transformation of representation
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex II as amended on 30 March 2021
Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
全国人民代表大会关于完善香港特别行政区选举制度的决定
Central to debates over autonomy and constitutional authority
National People's Congress - Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong SAR - 11 March 2021
Macao national security legal framework materials
Useful comparator for Hong Kong national security debates under one country, two systems.
Government of the Macao SAR, 'Macao national security legal framework materials' (official portal).
NPCSC decision on qualification of Hong Kong Legislative Council members
Useful for tracing central interventions in Hong Kong's constitutional order
NPCSC - Decision on Hong Kong Legislative Council member qualification - 11 November 2020
Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong SAR
Legal practice central to sovereignty, autonomy, sanctions, and non-interference debates.
National People's Congress, 'Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong SAR' (2020-06-30).
Topic area
Use of Force
China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era
新时代的中国军控裁军与防扩散
Important for security governance and emerging domains
State Council Information Office - China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era - 27 November 2025
China's National Security in the New Era
新时代的中国国家安全
Shows links among security opening up and sanctions risk
State Council Information Office - China's National Security in the New Era - 12 May 2025
Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items
两用物项出口管制条例
Adds implementation detail to China's economic security law
State Council - Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items - 19 October 2024
China imposes export controls on aviation and space equipment
Concrete practice for China's technology-security system
Xinhua - China to impose export controls on aviation and space equipment - 31 May 2024
Global AI Governance Initiative
全球人工智能治理倡议
Shows China's attempt to shape rules for emerging technology
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Global AI Governance Initiative - 20 October 2023
Ma Zhaoxu attends UN Security Council debate on Ukraine
Adds a concrete UN forum example to use-of-force materials
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Ma Zhaoxu attends Security Council debate on Ukraine - 20 September 2023
Proposal of the People's Republic of China on the Reform and Development of Global Governance
关于全球治理改革和建设的中国方案
Useful as a compact statement of China's reformist rather than withdrawalist posture.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Proposal of the People's Republic of China on the Reform and Development of Global Governance' (13 September 2023).
Written statement of China in the ICJ Palestine advisory proceedings
Important example of direct legal argument before the ICJ
ICJ - Written statement of China in the occupied Palestinian territory advisory proceedings - 25 July 2023
China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis
关于政治解决乌克兰危机的中国立场
Key source for China's application of Charter principles to war
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis - 24 February 2023
The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper
全球安全倡议概念文件
Frames security governance through indivisible security, sovereignty, and opposition to bloc confrontation.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'The Global Security Initiative Concept Paper' (21 February 2023).
The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era
台湾问题与新时代中国统一事业
Shows updated official framing of sovereignty, national rejuvenation, and peaceful reunification.
State Council Information Office, 'The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era' (10 August 2022).
China's votes and explanations on Ukraine-related UN resolutions
Important practice for assessing sovereignty language, use of force, and non-alignment.
United Nations Digital Library, 'China's votes and explanations on Ukraine-related UN resolutions' (2022-03-02).
China's Export Controls
中国的出口管制
Connects trade controls with security governance
State Council Information Office - China's Export Controls - 29 December 2021
China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations
中国军队参加联合国维和行动30年
Shows the move from non-intervention caution to active UN-centered peacekeeping
State Council Information Office - China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations - 18 September 2020
Topic area
Global Economic System
China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era
新时代的中国军控裁军与防扩散
Important for security governance and emerging domains
State Council Information Office - China's Arms Control Disarmament and Nonproliferation in the New Era - 27 November 2025
MOFCOM remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List
Adds later practice to China's countermeasure machinery
MOFCOM - Spokesperson remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List - 2025
Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items
两用物项出口管制条例
Adds implementation detail to China's economic security law
State Council - Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items - 19 October 2024
China's Energy Transition
中国的能源转型
Connects climate governance with China's economic-order narrative
State Council Information Office - China's Energy Transition - 29 August 2024
China introduces UN General Assembly draft resolution on AI capacity building
Shows China's Global South and development framing for AI governance
PRC Permanent Mission to the UN - Fu Cong remarks on AI capacity building - 1 July 2024
China imposes export controls on aviation and space equipment
Concrete practice for China's technology-security system
Xinhua - China to impose export controls on aviation and space equipment - 31 May 2024
China participates in ICJ climate advisory proceedings
Contemporary legal practice on climate obligations and development equity.
International Court of Justice, 'China participates in ICJ climate advisory proceedings' (2024-03-22).
Written statement of China in the ICJ climate advisory proceedings
Primary source for China's legal position on climate obligations
ICJ - Written Statement of the People's Republic of China in climate proceedings - 22 March 2024
Global AI Governance Initiative
全球人工智能治理倡议
Shows China's attempt to shape rules for emerging technology
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Global AI Governance Initiative - 20 October 2023
Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation
Shows BRI's continued diplomatic institutionalization after ten years.
Belt and Road Portal, 'Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation' (2023-10-18).
The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future
共建“一带一路”：构建人类命运共同体的重大实践
Central source for evaluating whether BRI is presented as a parallel or complementary order.
State Council Information Office, 'The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future' (10 October 2023).
A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions
携手构建人类命运共同体：中国的倡议与行动
A key official statement of China's normative vocabulary for global governance.
State Council Information Office, 'A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions' (26 September 2023).
Proposal of the People's Republic of China on the Reform and Development of Global Governance
关于全球治理改革和建设的中国方案
Useful as a compact statement of China's reformist rather than withdrawalist posture.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Proposal of the People's Republic of China on the Reform and Development of Global Governance' (13 September 2023).
Global Development Initiative Progress Report
Connects Chinese development discourse with institutional and project-based cooperation.
Center for International Knowledge on Development, 'Global Development Initiative Progress Report' (2023).
China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era
新时代的中国网络法治建设
Foregrounds rule-of-law language in China's cyber governance
State Council Information Office - China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era - 16 March 2023
Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace
携手构建网络空间命运共同体
Useful for cyber sovereignty and digital development claims
State Council Information Office - Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace - 7 November 2022
China's Export Controls
中国的出口管制
Connects trade controls with security governance
State Council Information Office - China's Export Controls - 29 December 2021
Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国个人信息保护法
Helps map China's model for digital governance and data flows
Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China - adopted 20 August 2021
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国数据安全法
Important for data sovereignty and cross-border legal exposure
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China - adopted 10 June 2021
China's International Development Cooperation in the New Era
新时代的中国国际发展合作
Links BRI, South-South cooperation, and development governance.
State Council Information Office, 'China's International Development Cooperation in the New Era' (10 January 2021).
Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures
阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法
Core source for China's legal response to sanctions and extraterritorial jurisdiction.
MOFCOM, 'Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures' (9 January 2021).
Export Control Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国出口管制法
Part of the legal architecture for economic security and countermeasure capacity.
Export Control Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted 17 October 2020).
Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List
不可靠实体清单规定
Core source for China's economic countermeasure architecture
MOFCOM Order No 4 of 2020 - Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List
China participates in the WTO MPIA arbitrator pool
Adds implementation practice to China's WTO strategy
MOFCOM - Statement on the MPIA pool of arbitrators - 31 July 2020
China and EU members decide to establish the MPIA
Shows support for interim appellate review within WTO law
MOFCOM - China and other WTO members establish the MPIA - 27 March 2020
Topic area
Sanctions and Anti-sanctions
China's National Security in the New Era
新时代的中国国家安全
Shows links among security opening up and sanctions risk
State Council Information Office - China's National Security in the New Era - 12 May 2025
MOFCOM remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List
Adds later practice to China's countermeasure machinery
MOFCOM - Spokesperson remarks on measures concerning the Unreliable Entity List - 2025
Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items
两用物项出口管制条例
Adds implementation detail to China's economic security law
State Council - Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items - 19 October 2024
China imposes export controls on aviation and space equipment
Concrete practice for China's technology-security system
Xinhua - China to impose export controls on aviation and space equipment - 31 May 2024
China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis
关于政治解决乌克兰危机的中国立场
Key source for China's application of Charter principles to war
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis - 24 February 2023
China's Export Controls
中国的出口管制
Connects trade controls with security governance
State Council Information Office - China's Export Controls - 29 December 2021
Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国反外国制裁法
Essential for studying how China domesticates responses to unilateral sanctions.
Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted 10 June 2021).
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国数据安全法
Important for data sovereignty and cross-border legal exposure
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China - adopted 10 June 2021
China announces countermeasures against foreign sanctions
Shows operational use of sanctions countermeasures alongside new domestic legislation.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'China announces countermeasures against foreign sanctions' (2021-03-22).
Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures
阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法
Core source for China's legal response to sanctions and extraterritorial jurisdiction.
MOFCOM, 'Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures' (9 January 2021).
Macao national security legal framework materials
Useful comparator for Hong Kong national security debates under one country, two systems.
Government of the Macao SAR, 'Macao national security legal framework materials' (official portal).
Export Control Law of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国出口管制法
Part of the legal architecture for economic security and countermeasure capacity.
Export Control Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted 17 October 2020).
Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List
不可靠实体清单规定
Core source for China's economic countermeasure architecture
MOFCOM Order No 4 of 2020 - Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List
Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong SAR
Legal practice central to sovereignty, autonomy, sanctions, and non-interference debates.
National People's Congress, 'Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong SAR' (2020-06-30).
Topic area
Belt and Road Initiative
Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation
Shows BRI's continued diplomatic institutionalization after ten years.
Belt and Road Portal, 'Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation' (2023-10-18).
The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future
共建“一带一路”：构建人类命运共同体的重大实践
Central source for evaluating whether BRI is presented as a parallel or complementary order.
State Council Information Office, 'The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future' (10 October 2023).
A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions
携手构建人类命运共同体：中国的倡议与行动
A key official statement of China's normative vocabulary for global governance.
State Council Information Office, 'A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions' (26 September 2023).
Global Development Initiative Progress Report
Connects Chinese development discourse with institutional and project-based cooperation.
Center for International Knowledge on Development, 'Global Development Initiative Progress Report' (2023).
China's International Development Cooperation in the New Era
新时代的中国国际发展合作
Links BRI, South-South cooperation, and development governance.
State Council Information Office, 'China's International Development Cooperation in the New Era' (10 January 2021).
Topic area
Dispute Settlement
Hong Kong gazettes privileges and immunities order for the International Organization for Mediation
Links one country two systems with China's mediation platform
Hong Kong Department of Justice - International Organization for Mediation privileges and immunities order gazetted - 28 November 2025
Signing ceremony for the International Organization for Mediation convention
Directly relevant to China-centered transnational dispute settlement
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - IOMed convention signing ceremony in Hong Kong - 30 May 2025
Guidelines on Punishing Taiwan Independence Diehards for Splitting the Country and Inciting Secession
关于依法惩治“台独”顽固分子分裂国家、煽动分裂国家犯罪的意见
Illustrates the domestic legal extension of sovereignty claims.
SPC, SPP, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of State Security and Ministry of Justice, 'Guidelines on Punishing Taiwan Independence Diehards...' (21 June 2024).
China participates in ICJ climate advisory proceedings
Contemporary legal practice on climate obligations and development equity.
International Court of Justice, 'China participates in ICJ climate advisory proceedings' (2024-03-22).
Written statement of China in the ICJ climate advisory proceedings
Primary source for China's legal position on climate obligations
ICJ - Written Statement of the People's Republic of China in climate proceedings - 22 March 2024
Written statement of China in the ICJ Palestine advisory proceedings
Important example of direct legal argument before the ICJ
ICJ - Written statement of China in the occupied Palestinian territory advisory proceedings - 25 July 2023
China facilitates Saudi-Iran rapprochement
Example of China presenting itself as a mediator in regional dispute settlement.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'China facilitates Saudi-Iran rapprochement' (2023-03-10).
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex I as amended in 2021
香港基本法附件一2021年修订
Shows central legal authority reshaping Hong Kong governance
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex I as amended on 30 March 2021
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex II as amended in 2021
香港基本法附件二2021年修订
Important for the legal transformation of representation
Hong Kong Basic Law Annex II as amended on 30 March 2021
Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
全国人民代表大会关于完善香港特别行政区选举制度的决定
Central to debates over autonomy and constitutional authority
National People's Congress - Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong SAR - 11 March 2021
NPCSC decision on qualification of Hong Kong Legislative Council members
Useful for tracing central interventions in Hong Kong's constitutional order
NPCSC - Decision on Hong Kong Legislative Council member qualification - 11 November 2020
China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations
中国军队参加联合国维和行动30年
Shows the move from non-intervention caution to active UN-centered peacekeeping
State Council Information Office - China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations - 18 September 2020
China participates in the WTO MPIA arbitrator pool
Adds implementation practice to China's WTO strategy
MOFCOM - Statement on the MPIA pool of arbitrators - 31 July 2020
China and EU members decide to establish the MPIA
Shows support for interim appellate review within WTO law
MOFCOM - China and other WTO members establish the MPIA - 27 March 2020